A great resource for any performance deoptimization.
arn3n•Aug 7, 2026
There’s definitely strategies here; A lot of the floating point operations use subnormals, and a lot of the worst instructions are slowed down by really, really fucking with MMIO.
TomatoCo•Aug 7, 2026
This author also has other things like: A compiler that emits only `mov` instructions and another compiler that deliberately messes with the control flow so that, if disassembled, common debuggers will draw symbols like skulls or threats. https://github.com/xoreaxeaxeax/repsych
inigyou•Aug 7, 2026
He also bruteforced the entire opcode space to find undocumented instructions (sandsifter).
metadat•Aug 7, 2026
It’s crazy how computers still seem to get perceivably slow every few years, given how many instructions can be executed in 1ms. Shameful, even..
What’s that law called about programmers wasting all the compute on abstraction?
LoganDark•Aug 7, 2026
Huh? A millisecond is an eternity!
m463•Aug 7, 2026
I remember reading once somewhere:
If some app responds in 10ms or less, it is INTERACTIVE.
makes you think.
Xirdus•Aug 7, 2026
It is literally impossible to respond to input in 10ms on most platforms, for various reasons. The USB input lag of 12-30ms and the 60Hz refresh rate of most monitors being just the first two.
xboxnolifes•Aug 7, 2026
60Hz monitors definitely prevent it, but I'm pretty sure USB lag is far less than 12-30ms. My USB mouse can make a round-trip to a remote server faster than that.
m463•Aug 7, 2026
I stand corrected.
I looked it up and it is .1 seconds (100ms)
The basic advice regarding response times has been about the same for thirty years [Miller 1968; Card et al. 1991]:
- 0.1 second is about the limit for having the user feel that the system is reacting instantaneously, meaning that no special feedback is necessary except to display the result.
- 1.0 second is about the limit for the user's flow of thought to stay uninterrupted, even though the user will notice the delay. Normally, no special feedback is necessary during delays of more than 0.1 but less than 1.0 second, but the user does lose the feeling of operating directly on the data.
- 10 seconds is about the limit for keeping the user's attention focused on the dialogue. For longer delays, users will want to perform other tasks while waiting for the computer to finish, so they should be given feedback indicating when the computer expects to be done. Feedback during the delay is especially important if the response time is likely to be highly variable, since users will then not know what to expect.
That’s the prevailing statistic, but your original number isn’t that wrong either:
Humans can perceive much smaller latencies.
If you look at the Card & Miller reference, at least some humans can perceive differences in ~50ms vs 100ms latencies when typing (in my limited testing, it’s likely you can!). There’s some newer research I don’t have handy that I believe found error rates decreased and NSAT improved until around at least 30ms (if not 20ms).
On that note, humans can definitely distinguish 60hz vs 120hz reliably (about 8ms faster per frame).
Even faster: with a reference (eg when dragging on a touchscreen), humans can distinguish down to at least 1ms vs 10ms of latency: https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=vOvQCPLkPt4
And you can probably distinguish metronomes that are off by about 1-2ms. Much smaller for other things (like metronomes that slightly slower or faster than one another).
This is a special interest of mine XD
sitzkrieg•Aug 7, 2026
this is also why 60 hz refresh rate is all but dead outside of console gaming (not to mention 1000hz poll rate devices being the norm)
faresahmed•Aug 7, 2026
Sorry for nitpicking but the logical inverse of this statement is the stronger and more appropriate version:
If some app does not respond in 10ms or less, it is not interactive.
HappyPanacea•Aug 7, 2026
The new windows notepad is a disgrace
adamrezich•Aug 7, 2026
The new mspaint fucked, then unfucked, then refucked my decades-old muscle memory of Win+R mspaint Enter Ctrl+E 1 Tab 1 Enter Ctrl+V to open Paint, resize canvas to minimum, then paste from clipboard. When you press Ctrl+E now, the Units control is selected by default, for some completely asinine reason!!!
fluoridation•Aug 7, 2026
That's pretty cool. I've never needed to do that because Paint remembers the last canvas size set manually.
sitzkrieg•Aug 7, 2026
i’m on LTSC for this (and many other) reasons lol! don’t touch my mspaint and notepad
EvanAnderson•Aug 8, 2026
You aren't alone in being frustrated by decades of muscle memory being disrespected by MSFT.
mwigdahl•Aug 7, 2026
Wirth's Law I believe.
inigyou•Aug 7, 2026
And remember to call him by name, not by value!
summarybot•Aug 7, 2026
The OS should do less not more
RiverCrochet•Aug 7, 2026
vi should be a kernel-level system call, tunable with sysctls. For agentic management.
inigyou•Aug 7, 2026
Andy and Bill's Law
AceJohnny2•Aug 7, 2026
There are two aspects to compute performance: latency and throughput.
There has been a ton of work to improve throughput, but that's often come at the cost of latency, because a great technique to improve throughput is batching, to avoid the per-task overhead cost.
We've also added many layers of abstraction.
A seminal example is Dan Luu's "computer latency" table (2017) https://danluu.com/input-lag/, which measures the time between a keypress and visible changes on the screen, and wherein an Apple IIe has latency 5x lower than a Lenovo X1 Carbon on Windows.
From some perspective, you could say that the Lenovo on Windows example is an impressive feat of engineering, considering all the subsystems involved (USB, interrupt dispatcher, input layer, windowing system, double-buffering...)
This throughput-over-latency tradeoff can be seen across the entire computer landscape design.
loeg•Aug 8, 2026
Idk man, my computers don't seem to get any slower over time -- no upgrades to any components, either.
metadat•Aug 8, 2026
Does responsiveness get better or worse with updates, in general?
loeg•Aug 8, 2026
Neither? I haven't noticed a perceivable change in a long time.
codeshaunted•Aug 7, 2026
what im seeing from this chart is that we should be using the nop instruction for everything
bee_rider•Aug 7, 2026
Well the best code is no code. Nop could be second best though.
inigyou•Aug 7, 2026
Instructions unclear. Set the NX bit to ensure no code, and got a general protection fault.
achierius•Aug 7, 2026
It'd be really interesting to see whether the winning (losing?) instructions/strategies would be different on other architectures. At least right now the top spot (`fxrstor64` on MMIO, starve PCIe) seems relatively architecture-independent, but maybe something about MMIO ordering rules on e.g. POWER would be different enough to change that -- or perhaps open up new avenues?
I wonder what the actual limit on this `fxrstor64` is right now. If you can stall the PCIe bus for that long, then why not indefinitely? Certainly there's no forward progress guarantee here.
spoocecow•Aug 7, 2026
Oh wow, glad to see Chris Domas active online again!
layer8•Aug 7, 2026
Nop should be #1, because it is infinitely slow for what it does. ;)
jooops1•Aug 7, 2026
It increments rip by one.
fluoridation•Aug 7, 2026
No, that's done by the decoder. It actually does nothing.
russdill•Aug 7, 2026
I mean....there are several architectures out there which has a nop that is a jump forward. Kind of a tree forest issue imho
fluoridation•Aug 8, 2026
I don't know about other architectures in as much detail. I know x86 NOP does nothing.
loeg•Aug 8, 2026
The decoder is an implementation detail that is a subcomponent of NOP; GP was right, and your correction isn't.
fluoridation•Aug 8, 2026
It's not an implementation detail, because the decoder runs before the execution of every instruction. If we're going to say that NOP increments IP by one, then we should also say that ADD "stores in dst the addition of src and dst, as well as incrementing IP by the length of the instruction", and JMP imm "increments JMP by imm + the length of the instruction".
loeg•Aug 8, 2026
ADD does in fact do that.
fluoridation•Aug 8, 2026
I'm not disputing the total effect. I'm asking if you'd rather describe ADD and JMP in this manner, in order to say that NOP does not in fact do nothing.
dlcarrier•Aug 8, 2026
It's still part of the instruction to increment it by one, as opposed to write a value or offset to it, as jump instructions do.
fluoridation•Aug 8, 2026
See my sibling response.
EvanAnderson•Aug 7, 2026
I thought I remembered reading somewhere re: the 8086 microcode disassembly that NOP, which is encoded as XCHG AX,AX actually does run the XCHG microcode and uses an internal scratchpad register to do the exchange.
JoeAltmaier•Aug 7, 2026
There were several NOPs - XCHG BX,BX and so on. Those were taken later to be prefixes for new classes of opcodes.
mito88•Aug 7, 2026
Strategy: nop does nothing. It opens the leaderboard accordingly.
Score: 1 cycles
Time: 0 nanoseconds
layer8•Aug 7, 2026
It opens the leaderboard as #27, so in the last place.
I wish they would just explain it in normal terms instead of this nasty LLM "engaging blog post" style
twothreeone•Aug 8, 2026
Chris usually takes an educational angle, I don't think this is LLM-generated content at all it's just his style. I highly encourage watching some of his DefCon or BlackHat talks, they're fun!
Brian_K_White•Aug 8, 2026
I looked at both links and don't see anything weird or annoying, and I hate overblown styles myself.
michalsustr•Aug 7, 2026
Very cool! Also, huh interesting. I’ve used rdtsc to measure cycle diffs but had no idea its execution takes that long. Is that common across architectures?
inigyou•Aug 7, 2026
AFAIK it acts as some kind of execution barrier, to give meaningful timing.
just curious, how much do these actually discover useful practices or pitfalls, on top of just being for fun?
darksim905•Aug 8, 2026
Seems like spam from this creator since there are two things on the front page?
john_strinlai•Aug 8, 2026
submitted by two different people, both with year+ old accounts and decent karma. i dont think either is the author. the other submitter probably read this one, looked at the github, saw something else cool and posted it. (i almost did the same, but bookmarked it instead)
kazinator•Aug 8, 2026
Bus cycles can be arbitrarily long on any processor that has memory cycles with a hand shake requiring an ack, with no timeout.
E.g. we can build a board around a MC68000 where we make it lock up forever in a bus cycle, waiting for a DTACK that doesn't arrive.
Some early microprocessors had clocked bus cycles without handshaking. They would put out an address on some address lines and signal some line together with a read/write indication, and then expect the transfer to be completed within some clock cycles. If nothing is attached to the address, they would read whatever values are on the bus, like maybe all 1's if it is an open drain system that requires the transmitting device to pull to ground to indicate zero.
I'd say that kind of thing belongs to a hall of shame; it requires software hacks to interface with anything that can't keep up with the prescribed bus cycle.
18 Comments
What’s that law called about programmers wasting all the compute on abstraction?
If some app responds in 10ms or less, it is INTERACTIVE.
makes you think.
I looked it up and it is .1 seconds (100ms)
The basic advice regarding response times has been about the same for thirty years [Miller 1968; Card et al. 1991]:
- 0.1 second is about the limit for having the user feel that the system is reacting instantaneously, meaning that no special feedback is necessary except to display the result.
- 1.0 second is about the limit for the user's flow of thought to stay uninterrupted, even though the user will notice the delay. Normally, no special feedback is necessary during delays of more than 0.1 but less than 1.0 second, but the user does lose the feeling of operating directly on the data.
- 10 seconds is about the limit for keeping the user's attention focused on the dialogue. For longer delays, users will want to perform other tasks while waiting for the computer to finish, so they should be given feedback indicating when the computer expects to be done. Feedback during the delay is especially important if the response time is likely to be highly variable, since users will then not know what to expect.
from Jakob Nielsen:
https://www.nngroup.com/articles/response-times-3-important-...
less readable but the original paper:
https://www.yusufarslan.net/sites/yusufarslan.net/files/uplo...
Humans can perceive much smaller latencies.
If you look at the Card & Miller reference, at least some humans can perceive differences in ~50ms vs 100ms latencies when typing (in my limited testing, it’s likely you can!). There’s some newer research I don’t have handy that I believe found error rates decreased and NSAT improved until around at least 30ms (if not 20ms).
On that note, humans can definitely distinguish 60hz vs 120hz reliably (about 8ms faster per frame).
Even faster: with a reference (eg when dragging on a touchscreen), humans can distinguish down to at least 1ms vs 10ms of latency: https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=vOvQCPLkPt4
And you can probably distinguish metronomes that are off by about 1-2ms. Much smaller for other things (like metronomes that slightly slower or faster than one another).
This is a special interest of mine XD
There has been a ton of work to improve throughput, but that's often come at the cost of latency, because a great technique to improve throughput is batching, to avoid the per-task overhead cost.
We've also added many layers of abstraction.
A seminal example is Dan Luu's "computer latency" table (2017) https://danluu.com/input-lag/, which measures the time between a keypress and visible changes on the screen, and wherein an Apple IIe has latency 5x lower than a Lenovo X1 Carbon on Windows.
From some perspective, you could say that the Lenovo on Windows example is an impressive feat of engineering, considering all the subsystems involved (USB, interrupt dispatcher, input layer, windowing system, double-buffering...)
This throughput-over-latency tradeoff can be seen across the entire computer landscape design.
I wonder what the actual limit on this `fxrstor64` is right now. If you can stall the PCIe bus for that long, then why not indefinitely? Certainly there's no forward progress guarantee here.
Score: 1 cycles Time: 0 nanoseconds
It would be much more interesting to know the results if you're only allowed to use main memory.
> Trapped/emulated/virtualized instructions may only time the trap, not the handler.
But I feel like that 12ms write to an ACPI IO port at current leaderboard position 8 is probably trapping to SMM and being handled there.
[0]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_War
E.g. we can build a board around a MC68000 where we make it lock up forever in a bus cycle, waiting for a DTACK that doesn't arrive.
Some early microprocessors had clocked bus cycles without handshaking. They would put out an address on some address lines and signal some line together with a read/write indication, and then expect the transfer to be completed within some clock cycles. If nothing is attached to the address, they would read whatever values are on the bus, like maybe all 1's if it is an open drain system that requires the transmitting device to pull to ground to indicate zero.
I'd say that kind of thing belongs to a hall of shame; it requires software hacks to interface with anything that can't keep up with the prescribed bus cycle.